answer 1
The reference to heat treated steel generally means the material is heated to a temperature where a structural change occurs in the crystal lattice. In the case of 4130 about 1600 degs F. At these temperatures the iron atoms have a Faced Centered cubic arrangement (right in accompanying figure) and carbon atoms are interspersed between. If cooled slowly, the atoms will rearrange to a low stressed Body Centered cubic state (left in figure.) However if quickly quenched from 1600 F the structure does not realign to a Body Centered cubic structure but rather a Body Centered Tetragonal arrangement (as noted in accompanying figure one side of the rectangle is shorter than the other so it is not a cube) leaving a very highly stressed material which is very hard and strong. This metallurgical structure is called Martensite (named after metallurgist Adolf Martens.) The resulting tensile strength could be in the range of 250,000 psi. Unfortunately it is also very brittle. What does brittle mean? It means this very strong steel can act like glass when subjected to a sharp blow or highly stressed environment! A positive term used to quantify a steels resistance to brittle failure is a property called toughness. One measure of toughness is the Charpy test (although not useful for very thin material its valuable to understand the Charpy test.) The photo below right shows two broken Charpy test specimens. The lower one shows how brittle steel looks and there was little energy required to initiate and sustain the fracture. The upper broken specimen shows the deformation that took place at the outer edges and the matt finish in the center requiring more energy to break the Charpy bar. To reduce this brittleness, the quenched and hardened steel can be tempered. Tempering requires reheating the very quickly cooled steel to usually 500 to 1100 degs F. For gears and items that need to be hard, 500 degs F may provide enough toughness. However for 4130 used in structures, the tempering is usually done at about 1000 to 1100 degs. F to provide acceptable resistance to brittle failure. At these tempering temperatures a fully quenched and tempered (Q&T) 4130 will have strength of about 150,000 psi but will have higher toughness and ductility than the as quenched material.
There is a tempering temperature range between 500 and 700 degrees where the steel may not improve and may even reduce somewhat in toughness. This reheat range should be avoided (see graph below left.) However in the weld Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) we can't avoid reheating the tubing from a temperature close to the melting point of the steel, 2500 deg F, to temperatures in and below that range! Tempered properties are also dependent on tempering time.
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